M21.23

Clinical Causes: Trauma or injury leading to joint damage or ligament disruption Previous fractures near the wrist that heal improperly Arthritis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, which causes joint inflammation and deformity Nerve disorders such as stroke or nerve injuries affecting muscle control Infections that damage joint tissues Congenital conditions present at birth Chronic overuse or repetitive stress injuries

Key Symptoms: Persistent bending of the wrist in a forward position Limited movement or inability to straighten the wrist Pain or discomfort around the wrist joint Swelling or tenderness in the affected area Weakness in hand grip or difficulty performing fine motor tasks Contractures or tightening of the muscles and tendons around the joint Visible deformity or unusual wrist positioning

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis typically involves a detailed physical examination by a healthcare provider, who assesses wrist movement and looks for signs of deformity. Imaging tests such as X-rays are commonly used to evaluate bone alignment, joint integrity, and surrounding tissues. Sometimes, additional tests like MRI or ultrasound may be recommended to assess soft tissue damage. The healthcare provider will also review medical history and any previous injuries or conditions related to the wrist.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment options focus on improving wrist function, reducing deformity, and alleviating symptoms, and may include: - **Physical therapy:** Targeted exercises to stretch and strengthen wrist muscles and tendons. - **Splinting or bracing:** Using supportive devices to maintain proper wrist alignment. - **Medications:** Anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce pain and swelling. - **Surgical intervention:** Procedures such as tendon releases, joint realignment, or removal of damaged tissues for severe cases. - **Occupational therapy:** Assistance with adaptive techniques and devices to enhance hand function during daily activities. The choice of treatment depends on the severity of the deformity, underlying causes, and overall health of the patient.