M02.33

Clinical Causes: Infection in the body caused by bacteria, often after gastrointestinal or genitourinary infections, including pathogens like Salmonella, Shigella, Chlamydia, and Campylobacter. Genetic predisposition, such as having the HLA-B27 gene, which increases the risk of developing reactive arthritis. Environmental factors, including certain infections or immune system triggers that cause the immune response to target healthy joints and tissues.

Key Symptoms: Joint pain and swelling in the wrist, especially around the carpal bones. Difficulty moving the wrist due to pain or stiffness. Redness and warmth around the affected joint. Possible presence of enthesitis, or inflammation where tendons and ligaments attach to bones. Other signs may include conjunctivitis (eye inflammation), urinary symptoms, and skin rashes, often occurring alongside joint issues.

Diagnosis Path: Assess medical history to identify recent infections or symptoms suggestive of reactive arthritis. Perform a physical examination to evaluate swelling, tenderness, and range of motion in the wrist. Order laboratory tests such as blood tests to check for markers of inflammation and HLA-B27 gene presence. Request imaging studies like X-rays or MRI scans to observe the condition of the carpal bones and joint tissues. In some cases, joint fluid analysis may be performed to rule out other causes like gout or septic arthritis.

Treatment Protocols: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to decrease pain and inflammation. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as sulfasalazine or methotrexate in more severe or persistent cases. Physical therapy to improve range of motion and strengthen wrist muscles. Rest and joint protection strategies to prevent aggravation of symptoms. In rare situations, corticosteroid injections directly into the wrist joint might be recommended to control inflammation. Addressing underlying infections with appropriate antibiotics if still present or suspected.