M05.679

Clinical Causes: Autoimmune response where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's joint tissues. Genetic predisposition, with certain genes increasing susceptibility. Environmental factors, such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals, which may trigger or worsen the condition. Hormonal influences that could play a role, especially given the higher prevalence among women. Potential involvement of other organs due to systemic inflammation.

Key Symptoms: Persistent joint pain, especially in the ankle and foot Swelling and warmth around affected joints Stiffness, particularly in the morning or after periods of inactivity Reduced joint mobility and flexibility Fatigue and general feeling of malaise Fever and other systemic symptoms in cases with organ involvement Lumps under the skin (rheumatoid nodules) Signs of organ involvement, which may include breathing difficulties, skin changes, or eye problems

Diagnosis Path: • Joint inflammation and deformities during physical exams • Blood tests for rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies, and inflammatory markers like ESR and CRP • Imaging studies such as X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI to evaluate joint damage and inflammation • Evaluation for systemic involvement through additional tests, including lung function tests, eye examinations, and organ-specific assessments

Treatment Protocols: • Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as methotrexate, to slow disease progression • Biologic agents targeting specific parts of the immune system • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce pain and inflammation • Corticosteroids for short-term control of severe symptoms • Physical therapy and occupational therapy to maintain joint function and improve mobility • Lifestyle modifications, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation • Monitoring and managing systemic organ involvement with appropriate specialist care