C44.92

Clinical Causes: Repeated exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or tanning beds Fair skin that burns easily and has less melanin protection against UV rays Chronic skin inflammation or injury Exposure to certain chemicals, such as arsenic Weakened immune system, including that caused by immunosuppressive therapy or HIV/AIDS History of skin cancer or precancerous skin conditions Age, with higher risk as individuals grow older

Key Symptoms: A firm, red nodule or bump on the skin A flat, scaly, or crusted lesion that may resemble a sore that doesn’t heal A sore or ulcer that persists and may bleed or crust over Sores that grow in size over time Lesions that can be tender or painful The appearance of a new growth or a change in an existing skin lesion

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosing squamous cell carcinoma involves several steps: - Physical examination of the skin to identify suspicious areas - Medical history review, including exposure to risk factors - Skin biopsy, where a small sample of the suspicious tissue is removed and examined under a microscope - Additional imaging tests, such as ultrasound or MRI, may be used if the cancer is suspected to have spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes Early diagnosis through biopsy is essential for effective treatment and prevention of progression.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment options depend on the size, location, and extent of the tumor: - Surgical removal, which is often the primary treatment, may include excision or Mohs surgery to preserve as much healthy tissue as possible - Curettage and electrodessication, where the tumor is scraped away and the area is cauterized - Radiation therapy, especially for tumors in areas difficult to treat surgically or for patients unable to undergo surgery - Topical medications, such as chemotherapy creams, for superficial lesions - Photodynamic therapy, which uses a special drug activated by light to destroy cancerous cells - Systemic therapies, including targeted agents or immunotherapy, may be considered for advanced cases Follow-up care is important to monitor for recurrence or new skin cancers, especially in individuals with ongoing risk factors.