I70.90

Clinical Causes: High levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood Chronic high blood pressure (hypertension) Smoking tobacco and exposure to tobacco smoke Unhealthy diet rich in saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol Sedentary lifestyle and lack of physical activity Obesity Genetic factors and family history of cardiovascular disease Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance Chronic inflammation and autoimmune conditions Advanced age

Key Symptoms: Often asymptomatic in the early stages Chest pain or angina if coronary arteries are involved Leg pain or cramps during walking (claudication) if peripheral arteries are affected Weakness, numbness, or coldness in limbs Difficulty speaking or understanding speech (if arteries to the brain are involved) Sudden numbness or paralysis in a part of the body Erectile dysfunction in men due to reduced blood flow Over time, tissue damage or ulcers in affected limbs

Diagnosis Path: Physical examination evaluating pulses and blood flow Blood tests measuring cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood sugar levels Ankle-brachial index (ABI) to compare blood pressure in the ankle and arm Doppler ultrasound to assess blood flow in arteries Angiography, including CT or MR angiography, to visualize arterial blockages Electrocardiogram (ECG) in cases involving coronary arteries

Treatment Protocols: Lifestyle changes such as adopting a heart-healthy diet and increasing physical activity Medications to lower cholesterol and manage blood pressure Antiplatelet agents like aspirin to reduce the risk of blood clots Medications to control blood sugar levels in diabetic patients Smoking cessation programs In some cases, medical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to restore blood flow Regular monitoring and check-ups to assess disease progression