M46.98

Clinical Causes: Autoimmune diseases leading to inflammation in the spine, such as ankylosing spondylitis or other seronegative spondyloarthropathies Infections, including bacterial or bacterial-like conditions that primarily target spinal tissues Trauma or injury to the sacral or coccygeal area resulting in inflammatory responses Degenerative changes causing secondary inflammation in the lower spine Other systemic inflammatory conditions affecting joints and tissues

Key Symptoms: Localized pain in the sacrum or coccyx region, often worsening with activity or prolonged sitting Stiffness in the lower back and pelvis, especially in the mornings or after periods of inactivity Swelling or tenderness in the affected area Limited mobility or discomfort during movements such as bending or twisting Possible radiation of pain into the buttocks or lower limbs Sensitivity to pressure over the sacral or coccygeal area

Diagnosis Path: Physical examination focusing on tenderness, range of motion, and neurological function Imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to identify inflammation or structural changes in the sacrum and coccyx Laboratory tests to detect markers of inflammation, infections, or autoimmune activity Biopsy in certain cases if an infectious or neoplastic process is suspected

Treatment Protocols: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to alleviate pain and inflammation Physical therapy focused on strengthening and flexibility exercises to support spinal stability Heat or cold therapy to reduce discomfort and swelling In cases with autoimmune involvement, disease-modifying agents or biologic therapies might be considered under specialist guidance Addressing underlying causes if identified, such as infections or systemic diseases In some instances, corticosteroid injections may be used for localized inflammation