H66.013

Clinical Causes: Bacterial infections, commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis Viral infections that can lead to secondary bacterial infections Upper respiratory tract infections such as colds or sinusitis Eustachian tube dysfunction, leading to fluid accumulation and infection Allergic reactions causing inflammation and congestion in the ear Environmental factors like exposure to smoke or pollution History of upper respiratory infections or recent cold Previous ear infections that increase susceptibility

Key Symptoms: Sudden, severe ear pain Hearing loss in the affected ears Ear discharge or pus, often foul-smelling, from the rupture site A feeling of fullness or pressure in the ears Fever and general malaise in some cases Tinnitus or ringing in the ears Dizziness or balance issues (less common but possible)

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis generally involves a healthcare professional conducting an otoscopic examination to visualize the ear drum and identify signs of infection and rupture. Additional assessments may include hearing tests to evaluate degree of hearing loss, and sometimes imaging like a CT scan if complications are suspected. Cultures from ear discharge can be performed to determine the causative bacteria, guiding targeted treatment.

Treatment Protocols: Management focuses on controlling infection, relieving symptoms, and facilitating healing. Common approaches include: - Antibiotic therapy, often prescribed in the form of ear drops or oral antibiotics to eradicate bacterial infection - Pain relief medications such as analgesics - Ensuring the ear remains dry and avoiding water exposure until healed - Monitoring for signs of complications or persistent infection - Follow-up examinations to assess healing progress - Incision and drainage are rarely needed but might be performed if abscesses or fluid collections require intervention In some cases, if the rupture does not heal naturally, surgical options like myringoplasty may be considered to repair the eardrum. Preventative measures such as avoiding cigarette smoke, managing allergies, and treating upper respiratory infections promptly are also recommended for reducing risk.