I25.11

Clinical Causes: Accumulation of cholesterol, fatty deposits, and other substances within the coronary arteries Poor lifestyle choices such as a diet high in saturated fats and cholesterol Sedentary lifestyle lacking physical activity Smoking and tobacco use High blood pressure (hypertension) High blood cholesterol levels Diabetes mellitus Obesity Genetic factors and family history of coronary artery disease Chronic inflammation of blood vessel walls

Key Symptoms: Chest pain or discomfort, often described as a squeezing, pressure, fullness, or pain in the center of the chest Pain radiating to the neck, jaw, shoulders, arms, or back Shortness of breath Fatigue during physical activity Dizziness or lightheadedness Palpitations or irregular heartbeats Nausea or sweating during anginal episodes

Diagnosis Path: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) to detect changes suggestive of ischemia Stress testing, such as treadmill or pharmacologic stress test to evaluate blood flow during exertion Echocardiography to assess heart function and structure Coronary angiography, an invasive procedure where dye is injected to visualize blood flow in coronary arteries Blood tests measuring cholesterol levels, blood sugar, and other markers

Treatment Protocols: Lifestyle modifications such as adopting a heart-healthy diet, quitting smoking, engaging in regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight Medications including nitrates for angina relief, antiplatelet agents like aspirin to prevent clot formation, statins to lower cholesterol, beta-blockers to reduce heart workload, and ACE inhibitors for blood pressure control Procedures like angioplasty and stenting to open blocked arteries Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in severe cases Regular monitoring and follow-up with healthcare providers to assess and adjust treatment plans