I50.4

Clinical Causes: Coronary artery disease High blood pressure (hypertension) Previous heart attacks Valvular heart diseases Cardiomyopathies Chronic lung diseases causing increased strain on the heart Certain medical conditions like diabetes or obesity Prolonged alcohol use or drug toxicity Genetic predispositions impacting heart function

Key Symptoms: Shortness of breath during activity or when lying down Fatigue and weakness Swelling (edema) in the legs, ankles, or abdomen Rapid or irregular heartbeat Persistent cough or wheezing with white or pink blood-tinged sputum Sudden weight gain from fluid retention Reduced ability to exercise or perform daily activities Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness Loss of appetite or nausea

Diagnosis Path: Echocardiogram: an ultrasound of the heart to assess ejection fraction and heart muscle function Electrocardiogram (ECG): to detect abnormal heart rhythms or signs of previous heart attacks Chest X-ray: to evaluate heart size and lung congestion Blood tests: including BNP or NT-proBNP levels, which can indicate heart failure Stress tests or cardiac MRI: in some cases, for detailed heart assessment Cardiac catheterization: to examine coronary arteries if blockage is suspected

Treatment Protocols: Medications such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, and diuretics to control blood pressure, reduce fluid overload, and improve heart function Lifestyle changes including salt restriction, fluid management, regular physical activity, and weight control Monitoring and managing underlying conditions like hypertension and diabetes Implantable devices such as defibrillators or pacemakers for certain patients In severe cases, mechanical support or heart transplantation may be considered Patient education on recognizing symptoms of worsening heart failure and when to seek medical attention