Q13.3

Clinical Causes: Genetic factors or inherited conditions Developmental issues during eye formation in the fetus Infections acquired during pregnancy, such as rubella or herpes simplex virus Trauma or injury to the eye before birth Corneal dystrophies and degenerations Presence of syndromes associated with eye abnormalities

Key Symptoms: Visible cloudiness or opacity of the cornea Reduced ability to see clearly Nystagmus, or uncontrolled eye movements, in some cases Strabismus, or crossed eyes, especially if vision impairment affects eye alignment Potential sensitivity to light (photophobia) In some cases, no symptoms are apparent at birth, and the impact on vision becomes evident later

Diagnosis Path: Visual assessment to observe corneal clarity Slit-lamp examination to examine the cornea in detail Medical history review, including any familial or prenatal factors Additional testing, such as corneal imaging or genetic testing, if a hereditary condition is suspected

Treatment Protocols: Observation for mild cases with minimal visual impact Optical aids like glasses or contact lenses to improve vision if residual clarity allows Surgical procedures, such as corneal transplant (keratoplasty), to replace or repair the damaged cornea Management of associated conditions or syndromes Early intervention with vision therapy or supportive measures in cases where vision development is affected