B45.2

Clinical Causes: Infection with the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, which is found in environments like soil contaminated with bird droppings. Spread from a primary site of infection, such as the lungs or central nervous system, to the skin. Inhalation of fungal spores leading to systemic infection, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Trauma or skin breaks that allow the fungus to enter the skin.

Key Symptoms: Lesions on the skin that may appear as nodules, ulcers, or pustules. Swelling and redness around affected areas. Lesions may be painless or tender to the touch. In some cases, lesions can ulcerate or produce discharge. Other systemic symptoms may include fever, fatigue, or weight loss if the infection has spread.

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical examination and laboratory investigations. Skin biopsy is often performed to examine tissue under a microscope, revealing the presence of the Cryptococcus fungus. Cultures from skin lesions can confirm the diagnosis. Additional tests such as blood cultures, chest X-rays, or lumbar punctures may be conducted if systemic involvement is suspected.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment generally involves antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B combined with flucytosine or fluconazole, depending on the severity and extent of the infection. Management of underlying immune deficiencies or conditions is also crucial. In some cases, surgical intervention might be necessary to remove affected tissue. Regular follow-up is important to monitor response to therapy and prevent recurrence.