A50.01

Clinical Causes: Transmission of *Treponema pallidum* bacteria from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy (congenital transmission). Birth through an infected birth canal where the bacteria are present. In utero infection leading to bacterial invasion of the ocular tissues during fetal development.

Key Symptoms: Inflammation of the eyes (ocular inflammation). Conjunctivitis, which may cause redness and discharge. Corneal opacities or ulcerations, potentially impairing vision. Chorioretinitis, affecting the eye's retina and choroid layers. Narrowed or opaque irises or other abnormal iris features. Poor eye movement or abnormal reactions to light. Potential signs of other systemic syphilitic infections, such as skin rashes, mucous membrane lesions, or bone abnormalities.

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory testing. Healthcare providers assess symptoms of eye inflammation and look for signs of systemic syphilis. Blood tests such as non-treponemal and treponemal tests can confirm infection. Ocular examinations, including slit-lamp microscopy and fundus photography, help evaluate the extent of eye damage. In some cases, cerebrospinal fluid analysis might be conducted to check for accompanying neurosyphilis.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment focuses on eradicating the infection and preventing further damage. Penicillin-based antibiotics are the mainstay of therapy, administered intravenously or intramuscularly, depending on the severity and timing of diagnosis. Early intervention is critical to prevent irreversible eye damage. Additional supportive treatments may involve anti-inflammatory medications and eye care to protect vision. Regular follow-up is important to monitor response to therapy and detect any recurring issues.