N80.101

Clinical Causes: Retrograde menstruation, where menstrual blood containing endometrial cells flows back through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity. Genetic predisposition, with family history increasing risk. Immune system dysfunction, leading to incomplete clearance of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Metaplastic transformation, where peritoneal cells change into endometrial-like cells. Lymphatic or blood vessel dissemination, allowing endometrial cells to spread beyond the uterus.

Key Symptoms: Pelvic pain, especially during menstruation, ovulation, or sexual activity. Pain localized on the right side of the pelvis or lower abdomen. Pain that may intensify over time or fluctuate with the menstrual cycle. Painful or irregular bowel movements, especially during periods. Nausea or gastrointestinal discomfort. Infertility or difficulty conceiving. Enlargement of the ovary due to cyst formation, which may be detected through imaging tests.

Diagnosis Path: Pelvic examination to identify tenderness or nodules. Imaging studies such as ultrasound to detect ovarian cysts, often called endometriomas. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detailed visualization of endometrial tissue and cysts. Laparoscopy, a minimally invasive surgical procedure, considered the definitive diagnostic method, allowing direct visualization of endometrial implants and cysts, along with tissue biopsy for confirmation.

Treatment Protocols: Pain management using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Hormonal therapies, including birth control pills, progestins, GnRH agonists, and antagonists to suppress endometrial tissue growth. Surgical procedures to remove endometrial lesions or cysts, especially when pain is severe or fertility is affected. Assisted reproductive technologies, such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), for those facing infertility. Lifestyle modifications, including diet adjustments, regular exercise, and stress reduction strategies, to support overall well-being.