B08.4

Clinical Causes: Infection with enteroviruses, particularly coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71 Close contact with an infected person through saliva, feces, or contact with contaminated surfaces Poor hygiene practices that facilitate virus spread, such as touching face after touching contaminated objects Being in environments with large groups of children, such as schools or daycare centers

Key Symptoms: Fever, sore throat, and reduced appetite Painful red spots and blisters on the tongue, gums, and inside of the mouth Vesicular rash on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and sometimes on the buttocks and legs Irritability and fussiness, especially in young children General feeling of discomfort, fatigue, and sometimes nausea

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the appearance of characteristic signs such as mouth sores and skin rash, along with symptom history. Healthcare providers may perform a physical examination and may take throat or stool samples for laboratory testing to identify the specific virus involved. While laboratory testing can confirm the diagnosis, it is often unnecessary if the clinical presentation is typical of hand, foot, and mouth disease.

Treatment Protocols: Ensuring adequate hydration to prevent dehydration, especially in children Use of over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen Applying topical oral anesthetics to relieve mouth sore discomfort Practicing good hygiene measures to prevent spread, including handwashing and disinfecting contaminated surfaces Rest and maintaining a balanced diet to support immune response