N61.20

Clinical Causes: Unknown etiology in many cases, possibly involving autoimmune reactions Previous breast infections or abscesses Hormonal influences, especially during pregnancy or breastfeeding Reactions to local trauma or injury Underlying autoimmune diseases such as sarcoidosis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis Less commonly, reactions to foreign bodies or foreign materials within the breast tissue

Key Symptoms: Lump or swelling in the breast Redness and warmth over the affected area Pain or tenderness in the breast Nipple discharge, which may be unusual in appearance Skin changes such as dimpling or thickening Possible presence of abscesses or fistulas General discomfort or feeling of heaviness

Diagnosis Path: Breast imaging studies such as ultrasound or mammography to evaluate the nature of the lump Fine-needle aspiration or core needle biopsy to obtain tissue samples for microscopic analysis Laboratory tests to rule out infections or other related conditions Histopathological examination reveals granulomas, often with central necrosis but excluding caseating granulomas typical of tuberculosis Blood tests may be conducted to assess for autoimmune markers or other underlying conditions

Treatment Protocols: Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and immune response Antibiotics if an infectious component is suspected or identified Surgical intervention to drain abscesses or excise affected tissue if necessary Immunosuppressive medications in cases linked to autoimmune disorders Close monitoring and follow-up to assess treatment response and watch for recurrences Supportive measures such as pain relief and breast support