S45.019

Clinical Causes: Trauma from falls or direct blows to the shoulder Penetrating injuries such as stab or gunshot wounds Industrial or sports-related accidents Severe shoulder dislocations causing vessel injury Blunt force trauma during vehicle collisions

Key Symptoms: Sudden severe pain in the shoulder or upper arm Rapid swelling or hematoma (localized collection of blood) Weakness or numbness in the arm or hand Loss of pulse or diminished blood flow in the affected limb Paleness or cold sensation in the arm or hand Possible signs of shock, such as dizziness or fainting in severe cases

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis involves a combination of physical examination and imaging tests. Healthcare providers may assess vascular pulses, look for signs of bleeding, and check for neurological deficits. Imaging techniques include: - Duplex ultrasonography: Helps evaluate blood flow and detect vessel injury. - Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA): Offers detailed images of blood vessels and confirms the extent of arterial damage. - Conventional angiography: An invasive procedure that can visualize the injury precisely and sometimes facilitate immediate treatment. Laboratory tests might be conducted to assess blood loss and overall health status, especially if significant bleeding is suspected.

Treatment Protocols: Managing a laceration of the axillary artery is a critical medical emergency. Treatment typically involves: - Immediate stabilization: Ensuring the patient's airway, breathing, and circulation are maintained. - Control of bleeding: Applying pressure or tourniquets as necessary while preparing for definitive care. - Surgical intervention: Usually required to repair the torn artery, which may involve suturing, patching, or grafting procedures. - Blood transfusions: If significant blood loss has occurred. - Post-operative care: Includes managing pain, preventing infection, and restoring limb function. - Rehabilitation: Physical therapy may be needed to regain strength and mobility in the affected arm. Long-term prognosis depends on the severity of the injury and promptness of treatment, with timely intervention often leading to favorable outcomes.