A68.0

Clinical Causes: Transmission occurs via the bite of infected body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis). The bacteria Borrelia recurrentis resides in the lice and is transmitted through their bites. Lice become infected by feeding on a person with active infection, then spread the disease to new hosts during bites. Overcrowded and unhygienic living conditions facilitate the spread of lice and the disease.

Key Symptoms: Sudden onset of high fever that may reach 103–105°F (39–40.5°C). Chills often accompany febrile episodes. Headaches and muscle aches (myalgia). Fatigue and weakness during active illness. Localized skin irritation or rash at bite sites (sometimes). Relapsing fever episodes that can occur every few days, with symptom-free intervals between episodes. In severe cases, complications such as anemia, encephalitis, or organ involvement may develop.

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical history, especially exposure to lice in endemic areas, and laboratory tests. Blood smears examined under a microscope can reveal the presence of Borrelia bacteria during febrile episodes. Serological tests or PCR may also be used to confirm infection. Since symptoms can resemble other febrile illnesses, accurate diagnosis requires consideration of epidemiological factors and laboratory confirmation.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment generally includes antibiotics effective against Borrelia bacteria, such as doxycycline or tetracycline. The course of therapy is usually sufficient to eliminate the bacteria and resolve symptoms. Supportive care may involve managing fever, hydration, and rest. It’s essential for public health measures to focus on controlling lice infestation and improving sanitation to prevent disease transmission. Patients should be monitored for potential relapses, and re-treatment might be necessary in some cases.