C81.48

Clinical Causes: The exact cause of Hodgkin lymphoma, including lymphocyte-rich subtypes, remains unknown. Genetic factors may play a role, with certain gene mutations potentially increasing risk. Infections, such as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), have been associated with the development of Hodgkin lymphoma. A weakened immune system, either from other illnesses or immunosuppressive therapies, can increase susceptibility. Environmental exposures, although less conclusive, have been studied for links to lymphoma development.

Key Symptoms: Persistent swelling of lymph nodes, often painless, in areas such as the neck, armpits, or groin Unexplained weight loss over several weeks Persistent fatigue and weakness Fever that may come and go Night sweats, especially severe enough to soak clothing or bedding Loss of appetite and decreased appetite Itching skin that may be generalized or localized Rarely, symptoms related to tumor pressure on nearby organs, such as coughing or chest pain

Diagnosis Path: Physical examination to assess lymph node swelling and other symptoms Imaging tests such as CT scans or PET scans to identify affected areas and disease extent Lymph node biopsy, which involves removing a tissue sample for microscopic analysis to identify characteristic Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells and confirm the subtype Blood tests to evaluate overall health, detect anemia, or signs of infection or immune suppression Bone marrow biopsy, if necessary, to determine if the disease has spread to the bone marrow

Treatment Protocols: Chemotherapy to target and destroy cancerous cells within affected lymph nodes and beyond Radiation therapy to eliminate localized disease and reduce tumor size Targeted therapies and immunotherapies, which may be used in specific cases based on the disease stage and patient health Supportive care measures, including medications for symptom relief and managing side effects of treatment