C02.3

Clinical Causes: Tobacco use, including smoking cigarettes, cigars, or using smokeless tobacco Heavy alcohol consumption Poor oral hygiene and chronic irritation of the oral tissues Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly high-risk strains Prolonged exposure to sun for lips and mouth areas Age, with increased risk in older adults Compromised immune system History of mouth or throat cancer

Key Symptoms: Persistent sore or lesion on the tongue that does not heal Pain or difficulty when swallowing Bleeding or numbness in the tongue or mouth A lump or thickening on the tongue Unexplained weight loss Persistent bad breath Changes in speech, such as slurring or difficulty pronouncing words Feeling that something is caught in the throat

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosing malignant neoplasm of the tongue involves a combination of clinical examination and several diagnostic tests. The healthcare provider may perform a physical inspection of the mouth and throat, looking for suspicious lesions or abnormalities. A biopsy, where a small tissue sample is removed and examined under a microscope, is essential for confirming cancer. Additional imaging tests such as MRI, CT scans, or PET scans can be used to determine the extent of the tumor and whether it has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes. Depending on the findings, staging of the cancer helps to plan appropriate treatment strategies.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment options for malignant neoplasm of the tongue depend on the tumor’s size, location, stage, and overall health of the individual. Common approaches include: - Surgery: Removal of the tumor, which may involve partial or total removal of the tongue, followed by reconstructive procedures to restore function. - Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells, often used in conjunction with surgery or when surgery isn’t feasible. - Chemotherapy: Systemic medication to kill cancer cells, which can be used alongside radiation or surgery. - Targeted therapy: Drugs designed to target specific molecules involved in cancer growth. Managing side effects and supporting rehabilitation, such as speech and swallowing therapy, are also key components of comprehensive care. Early diagnosis generally improves treatment success rates and quality of life.