C18.0

Clinical Causes: Genetic mutations that cause abnormal cell growth in the colon lining. A family history of colon cancer or inherited syndromes like Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Diet high in red and processed meats, and low in fruits, vegetables, and fiber. Chronic inflammatory conditions such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Age, with increased risk as people grow older, typically over age 50. Lifestyle factors such as lack of physical activity, obesity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. Previous history of polyps or benign tumors in the colon.

Key Symptoms: Persistent changes in bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation. Unexplained weight loss and fatigue. Abdominal discomfort, pain, or cramping. Blood in the stool or dark, tarry stools. A feeling that the bowel doesn’t empty completely. Narrow or ribbon-like stools. Anemia caused by chronic bleeding in the digestive tract.

Diagnosis Path: Medical history review and physical examination. Colonoscopy to visually inspect the cecum and take tissue biopsies for laboratory analysis. Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI, or a barium enema to determine the extent of the cancer. Blood tests including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels, which may be elevated in colon cancer. Staging assessments to evaluate if the cancer has spread beyond the cecum.

Treatment Protocols: Surgical removal of the tumor along with nearby lymph nodes, often through a right hemicolectomy. Chemotherapy to destroy remaining cancer cells and prevent recurrence, either before or after surgery. Radiation therapy is less commonly used but may be considered in specific cases. Targeted therapy or immunotherapy options, depending on molecular markers identified in the tumor. Post-treatment surveillance, including regular colonoscopies and imaging, to monitor for recurrence.