C50.1

Clinical Causes: Genetic mutations in breast cell DNA Family history of breast cancer Hormonal factors, such as increased estrogen levels Radiation exposure to the chest area Lifestyle factors like alcohol consumption, obesity, and lack of physical activity Age – risk increases with advancing age History of benign breast disease Certain inherited genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2

Key Symptoms: A lump or thickening in the central part of the breast near the nipple Changes in the size, shape, or appearance of the nipple or areola Nipple discharge, which may be clear, bloody, or another color Swelling or palpable mass around the nipple or central breast area Skin changes, such as redness, puckering, or dimpling over the affected area Persistent pain or discomfort localized to the central breast region Nipple inversion or retraction that persists over time

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis of this type of breast cancer typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation and diagnostic tests. A healthcare provider may perform a physical exam to assess for any lumps or skin changes. Imaging studies, such as mammography or ultrasound, help visualize the tumor. In some cases, MRI might be recommended for detailed imaging. A definitive diagnosis is usually made through a biopsy, where a tissue sample is examined under a microscope to determine the presence of cancer cells and their specific characteristics. Additional tests may include hormone receptor status and HER2 testing, which guide treatment options.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment strategies depend on various factors, including tumor size, spread, and patient health, but generally include options like: - Surgery: Procedures may involve removal of the tumor (lumpectomy) or removal of the entire breast (mastectomy), possibly including lymph node assessment. - Radiation therapy: Targeted radiation to eliminate remaining cancer cells after surgery. - Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to destroy cancer cells, often administered before or after surgery. - Hormone therapy: For cancers that are hormone receptor-positive, medications may be used to block hormone effects. - Targeted therapy: Drugs that specifically target cancer cell characteristics, such as HER2-positive tumors. - Immunotherapy: An emerging approach to boost the immune system’s ability to combat cancer. Multidisciplinary treatment teams develop personalized plans to optimize outcomes and manage side effects.