C53.9

Clinical Causes: Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), especially types 16 and 18. Smoking, which impairs the immune system's ability to fight HPV. A weakened immune system, due to conditions like HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive therapies. Multiple full-term pregnancies and young age at first pregnancy can affect risk levels. Long-term use of oral contraceptives, although evidence is mixed. Low socioeconomic status and limited access to screening programs.

Key Symptoms: Abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause. Unusual vaginal discharge that may be watery, bloody, or foul-smelling. Pelvic pain or discomfort that is persistent. Pain during sexual intercourse. Unexplained weight loss or fatigue in advanced stages. Swelling or pain in the legs, indicating possible spread to nearby tissues.

Diagnosis Path: Pap smear (Pap test) to detect abnormal cells in the cervical lining. HPV DNA testing to identify high-risk viral types. Colposcopy—a detailed examination of the cervix using a special magnifying device. Biopsy, where a small tissue sample is taken from the cervix to confirm malignancy. Imaging tests such as MRI, CT scans, or ultrasound may be utilized to determine the extent of spread. Staging of cervical cancer may involve additional procedures to assess if the cancer has metastasized.

Treatment Protocols: Surgical procedures like conization, hysterectomy, or removal of affected tissues. Radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. Chemotherapy using drugs to target cancer cells, often combined with radiation. Targeted therapy aimed at specific molecular features of the cancer. Immunotherapy may be considered in certain cases to boost the patient's immune response. Supportive and palliative care to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.