C25.9

Clinical Causes: Genetic mutations that cause uncontrolled cell growth in the pancreas Smoking tobacco, which significantly increases risk Chronic pancreatitis, long-term inflammation of the pancreas Diabetes mellitus, particularly long-standing type 2 diabetes Obesity and poor diet high in fats and processed foods Age, with higher incidence in individuals over 60 Family history of pancreatic cancer or hereditary cancer syndromes Certain rare inherited conditions, such as BRCA2 mutations or Lynch syndrome

Key Symptoms: Unexplained weight loss Abdominal pain that may radiate to the back Jaundice, which causes yellowing of the skin and eyes Loss of appetite Digestive problems like nausea or vomiting New-onset diabetes or worsening blood sugar control Dark urine and pale stools Fatigue and weakness

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosing pancreatic cancer often involves a combination of procedures. Doctors may start with a physical exam and review of symptoms, followed by imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI, or ultrasound to detect tumors. Endoscopic procedures like an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with biopsy can provide tissue samples for lab analysis. Blood tests may show elevated levels of certain markers, but these are not definitive. Often, further tests are needed to determine the extent and spread of the disease to guide treatment planning.

Treatment Protocols: The management of pancreatic cancer depends on the stage and overall health of the patient. Common treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. Surgical removal, such as the Whipple procedure, may be possible if the tumor is localized, but many cases are diagnosed when the cancer has spread. Chemotherapy can help shrink tumors or control spread, often used alongside other treatments. Palliative care focuses on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life for advanced cases. Multidisciplinary teams tailor treatment plans to each patient’s specific situation.