C75.3

Clinical Causes: Genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities Radiation exposure, particularly to the brain during childhood or in certain occupational settings Family history of brain tumors or other cancers Exposure to certain chemicals or toxins, though evidence is limited Developmental anomalies or syndromes associated with brain tumors

Key Symptoms: Headaches, often severe and persistent Nausea and vomiting, typically associated with increased intracranial pressure Visual disturbances, such as blurred vision, double vision, or problems with eye movement Difficulty with coordination or balance Sleep disturbances, including alterations in sleep-wake cycles Parinaud's syndrome, characterized by upward gaze palsy, eyelid retraction, and light-near dissociation Hormonal issues if the tumor affects surrounding endocrine structures

Diagnosis Path: Neurological evaluation measuring coordination, eye movements, and reflexes Imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides detailed pictures of the brain structures Computed tomography (CT) scans to detect calcifications or hemorrhage within the tumor Biopsy, often performed via stereotactic surgery, to obtain tissue samples for histopathological analysis Additional tests like cerebrospinal fluid analysis or nuclear imaging to evaluate tumor spread

Treatment Protocols: Surgical resection to remove as much of the tumor as possible, aiming to reduce tumor load and relieve symptoms Radiation therapy to target residual tumor tissue and control tumor growth Chemotherapy, used especially in cases where surgical removal is incomplete or not feasible Supportive care focusing on managing symptoms such as headache, nausea, and neurological deficits Palliative care for advanced cases to improve quality of life