C34.91

Clinical Causes: Long-term exposure to tobacco smoke is the leading cause of lung cancers. Exposure to radon gas, a natural radioactive gas found in some homes and environments. Prolonged exposure to hazardous substances such as asbestos, arsenic, uranium, and diesel exhaust. A family history of lung cancer or genetic predispositions. History of radiation therapy to the chest area. Increased risk associated with prior lung diseases like tuberculosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Key Symptoms: Persistent coughing that may worsen over time. Coughing up blood or rust-colored sputum. Shortness of breath or wheezing. Chest pain that worsens with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing. Unexplained weight loss and loss of appetite. Fatigue and weakness. Recurring respiratory infections such as pneumonia or bronchitis. Hoarseness or voice changes in some cases.

Diagnosis Path: Medical history review and physical examination to assess symptoms and risk factors. Imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, or PET scans to identify abnormal growths in the lung area. Biopsy procedures, including bronchoscopy, needle aspiration, or surgical biopsy, to obtain tissue samples for microscopic examination. Laboratory tests to analyze tissue samples for cancer cells and to determine the specific type of lung cancer. Pulmonary function tests to evaluate lung capacity and function. Additional tests such as MRI or molecular testing may be conducted to understand the cancer's characteristics and spread.

Treatment Protocols: Surgical removal of the tumor or affected lung tissue, often performed if the cancer is localized. Radiation therapy to target and destroy cancer cells, especially if surgery isn't suitable. Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells or control their growth, often used in more advanced stages. Targeted therapy that targets specific molecules involved in cancer growth, suited for certain genetic profiles. Immunotherapy to boost the body's immune response against cancer cells. Supportive care, including pain management and treatment of symptoms to improve quality of life.