O35.06

Clinical Causes: Genetic mutations affecting brain development Infections during pregnancy, such as toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus Structural abnormalities of the brain present from early fetal development Hemorrhage or bleeding within the fetal brain Exposure to harmful substances or toxins during pregnancy Brain tumors or cysts obstructing cerebrospinal fluid flow

Key Symptoms: Detection of abnormal head size or swelling during ultrasound scans Increased head circumference in the fetus Hydrocephalus-related symptoms may not be evident until after birth Signs of neurological impairment once the infant is born, such as poor feeding or muscle weakness In some cases, no symptoms are detectable until birth

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis of fetal hydrocephalus is primarily achieved through prenatal imaging techniques such as ultrasound scans, which reveal enlarged ventricles within the fetal brain. Fetal MRI may be used for more detailed visualization. Postnatal diagnosis involves physical examinations and imaging studies like cranial ultrasounds, CT scans, or MRI to assess the extent of ventricular enlargement and associated brain abnormalities. Early diagnosis allows healthcare providers to formulate appropriate care plans and inform parents about the condition.

Treatment Protocols: Management of fetal hydrocephalus focuses on monitoring, surgical interventions when necessary, and supportive care post-birth. In some cases, surgical procedures such as ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting can be performed after birth to divert excess cerebrospinal fluid and relieve pressure. Prenatal interventions are limited but may include close monitoring and planning for delivery in specialized centers. Postnatal therapies may involve physical therapy, neurological support, and ongoing medical management to address associated complications. The prognosis varies depending on the severity of the condition and any underlying malformations.