O02.1

Clinical Causes: Chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus Problems with the uterus, such as abnormalities or fibroids Hormonal imbalances, including progesterone deficiency Infections that affect pregnancy health Maternal health conditions like uncontrolled diabetes or thyroid disorders Lifestyle factors such as smoking, drug use, or excessive alcohol consumption Trauma or injury to the abdomen

Key Symptoms: Absence of pregnancy symptoms like nausea or breast tenderness Light or no vaginal bleeding No fetal movement detected on ultrasound Initial signs of pregnancy may still be present, making diagnosis less obvious Potential ultrasound findings of a non-viable fetus or missed fetal heartbeat

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis primarily involves ultrasound examination, which can reveal the absence of fetal heartbeat and confirm fetal death. Blood tests measuring levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) may also support diagnosis, showing levels that are inconsistent with a viable pregnancy. A detailed medical history and physical examination are essential for ruling out other pregnancy-related issues.

Treatment Protocols: Management options depend on the stage of pregnancy, patient health, and personal preference. These may include: - Medical management with medications to induce miscarriage - Surgical procedures like dilation and curettage (D&C) to remove fetal tissue - Expectant management, in which the body naturally expels the retained tissue over time Close medical supervision is necessary to prevent complications such as infection or excessive bleeding during treatment. Emotional support is also vital, as a missed abortion can be emotionally distressing for the patient.