C81.28

Clinical Causes: The exact cause of Hodgkin lymphoma remains unknown, but certain factors may increase the risk, including infections, genetic predispositions, and environmental exposures. Infections with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common virus also associated with mononucleosis, are linked to an increased risk. Family history of lymphoma or other blood cancers can elevate the likelihood of developing the disease. Exposure to certain chemicals or radiation has been investigated as potential risk factors, though definitive links are still being studied.

Key Symptoms: Swollen lymph nodes that are typically painless, often noticed in the neck, armpits, or groin. Persistent fever that may come and go. Night sweats, often severe enough to soak clothing or bedding. Unexplained weight loss over a short period. Itchy skin without an apparent cause. Fatigue or feeling unusually tired. Loss of appetite. General discomfort or feeling unwell.

Diagnosis Path: Physical examination to identify swollen lymph nodes or other signs. Blood tests to evaluate overall health and organ function. Imaging studies, such as CT scans or PET scans, to determine the extent and location of affected lymph nodes. Biopsy of a lymph node or other tissue to confirm the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are characteristic of Hodgkin lymphoma. Bone marrow biopsy may be performed if there is concern that the disease has spread to the marrow.

Treatment Protocols: Chemotherapy using drugs to target and kill cancer cells; common regimens include ABVD (Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine). Radiation therapy may be used to reduce tumor size or eliminate residual disease after chemotherapy. Stem cell transplantation in cases of relapse or refractory disease, where damaged or unhealthy bone marrow is replaced. Targeted therapies and immunotherapies are emerging options, particularly for cases resistant to standard treatments.