G04.91

Clinical Causes: Viral infections such as herpes simplex virus or varicella-zoster virus. Bacterial infections like Lyme disease, brucellosis, or syphilis. Autoimmune disorders, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the spinal cord. Multiple sclerosis, a chronic autoimmune disease affecting central nervous tissue. Certain vaccines or immunizations that trigger immune responses. Idiopathic cases where no clear cause can be identified.

Key Symptoms: Sudden weakness or paralysis in limbs. Loss of sensation or numbness. Pain in the back or neck, often radiating down the limbs. Bladder or bowel dysfunction, including incontinence or retention. Muscle spasms or stiffness. Fever and malaise in some cases. Difficulty walking or problems with coordination.

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosing myelitis involves a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory tests. Healthcare providers typically perform a neurological examination to assess reflexes, strength, and sensation. Imaging techniques such as MRI scans are essential to visualize inflammation within the spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis obtained via a lumbar puncture can reveal abnormal immune activity or infection. Sometimes, blood tests are used to identify underlying causes or associated autoimmune conditions. Differential diagnosis includes ruling out other causes of neurological symptoms such as tumors or vascular issues.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment strategies aim to reduce inflammation, manage symptoms, and address any underlying causes. Corticosteroids are commonly administered to decrease spinal cord inflammation. In cases caused by infections, specific antimicrobial or antiviral medications are prescribed. Supportive therapies include physical therapy to maintain mobility, pain management interventions, and bladder or bowel care. Long-term prognosis varies depending on the severity and cause of the myelitis; some individuals recover fully, while others may experience persistent neurological deficits. Close medical supervision is essential throughout treatment.