I65.1

Clinical Causes: Atherosclerosis, which involves the buildup of plaque inside the arteries, leading to narrowing (stenosis) or blockage. Embolism, where a clot or other debris travels from elsewhere in the bloodstream and lodges in the basilar artery. Vasculitis, an inflammation of the blood vessels that can cause narrowing or occlusion. Arteriovenous malformations or congenital abnormalities affecting the artery. Trauma or injury to the head that damages the artery. Other less common causes include moyamoya disease and arterial dissection.

Key Symptoms: Sudden weakness or paralysis on one side of the body or face. Difficulty speaking or understanding speech (aphasia). Loss of coordination or balance, often resulting in dizziness or vertigo. Sudden vision problems, such as blurred or double vision. Sudden severe headache, sometimes described as the worst headache ever experienced. Altered consciousness or coma in severe cases. Difficulty swallowing or hoarseness, especially if brainstem functions are affected.

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosing occlusion and stenosis of the basilar artery typically involves a combination of clinical assessment and imaging tests, including: - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to visualize brain structures. - Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) or Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) to evaluate blood vessels. - Transcranial Doppler ultrasound to assess blood flow in cerebral arteries. - Sometimes, digital subtraction angiography is performed for detailed vessel imaging. These procedures help determine the presence, location, and severity of artery narrowing or blockage.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment strategies focus on restoring and maintaining blood flow to prevent brain damage, which may include: - Medications such as antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin) or anticoagulants to prevent clot formation. - Thrombolytic therapy in eligible patients to dissolve existing clots. - Surgical interventions like carotid endarterectomy or angioplasty with stenting, depending on the location and nature of the stenosis. - Managing underlying risk factors, such as controlling blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and lifestyle modifications to reduce atherosclerosis risk. - In severe or recurrent cases, more invasive procedures may be considered. Prompt medical intervention is crucial to improve outcomes and minimize neurological damage.