D55.8

Clinical Causes: Genetic mutations leading to enzyme deficiencies in red blood cells Inherited enzymopathies such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency Acquired enzyme deficiencies due to certain medications or chemicals Encounters with specific oxidative stressors that overwhelm red blood cell defenses

Key Symptoms: Fatigue and weakness Paleness of the skin and mucous membranes Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing Rapid heartbeat or palpitations Dark-colored urine, especially after exposure to certain foods or medications Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes Episodes of hemolytic anemia triggered by infections, drugs, or certain foods

Diagnosis Path: Complete blood count (CBC) to assess anemia severity Peripheral blood smear to observe red blood cell morphology Enzyme activity assays to measure specific enzyme levels, such as G6PD activity Hemolysis markers, including bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Coombs test to rule out autoimmune causes Genetic testing for known enzyme deficiencies

Treatment Protocols: Avoidance of known triggers like certain medications (e.g., certain antibiotics or antimalarials), chemicals, or foods that cause oxidative stress Prompt treatment of infections to prevent hemolytic episodes Supportive care with blood transfusions in severe cases Folate supplementation to support red blood cell production Patient education on recognizing early signs of hemolytic crises In some cases, enzyme replacement therapy or other specific interventions may be considered