G21.19

Clinical Causes: Use of medications that block dopamine receptors, such as typical antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol, chlorpromazine). Administration of drugs that alter dopamine pathways or levels, including certain anti-nausea medications like metoclopramide. Long-term use of medications with dopamine-depleting effects, potentially leading to Parkinson-like symptoms. Substances or drugs that interfere with the function of dopamine in the central nervous system.

Key Symptoms: Resting tremor, often starting in one hand Muscle rigidity or stiffness Bradykinesia or slowed movements Postural instability and balance difficulties Reduced facial expressions (masked face) Shuffling gait and difficulty initiating movements Dystonia or abnormal muscle tone

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis involves a detailed medical history to identify recent medication use, along with clinical examination to observe characteristic Parkinson-like symptoms. Healthcare providers may review medication lists and consider discontinuing or switching the implicated drugs to see if symptoms improve. Additional diagnostic tests, such as neuroimaging or laboratory investigations, help rule out other causes of parkinsonism and confirm the diagnosis of drug-induced parkinsonism.

Treatment Protocols: The primary approach is to identify and modify the offending medication under medical supervision. In many cases, symptoms improve or resolve within weeks after stopping the causative drug. Supportive therapies, including physical and occupational therapy, can help manage motor symptoms. In some situations, medications used for Parkinson's disease, like levodopa, may be used cautiously, but their effectiveness varies. Regular monitoring is essential to evaluate symptom progression and medication adjustments.