C81.75

Clinical Causes: The exact cause of Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown, but it involves abnormal growth of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Genetic factors may play a role, with a slightly increased risk if there is a family history of lymphoma. Infections, particularly with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), have been associated with a higher risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. Environmental exposures, such as exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, could contribute, though evidence is limited. Immune system deficiencies or suppression may increase susceptibility to Hodgkin lymphoma.

Key Symptoms: Swelling of lymph nodes in the groin and lower limbs that is usually painless. Persistent fatigue and general feeling of tiredness. Unexplained weight loss over a short period. Fever that doesn’t have an obvious cause. Night sweats, often severe enough to drenched clothing. Itching, which can be intense and persistent. Localized pain or discomfort in the affected lymph node area, especially after consuming alcohol (though less common). Additional symptoms may include loss of appetite, shortness of breath, or cough if the disease progresses.

Diagnosis Path: Physical examination to check for swollen lymph nodes and assess general health. Blood tests to evaluate overall health and detect possible signs of lymphoma. Imaging studies such as PET scans, CT scans, or MRI to locate and evaluate the extent of the disease. Lymph node biopsy, where a sample of tissue is taken from an affected lymph node for microscopic examination to confirm Hodgkin lymphoma. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsies or blood flow studies, may be performed to determine the spread of the disease.

Treatment Protocols: Chemotherapy, often using combinations of drugs to destroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy targeted at affected lymph nodes and surrounding tissues. Immunotherapy to harness the body’s immune system in fighting the disease. Stem cell transplant in cases where the disease is aggressive or recurrent. Targeted therapies that specifically attack cancer cells with minimal damage to normal tissues.