C81.78

Clinical Causes: Genetic factors that increase susceptibility to lymphoma Viral infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Environmental exposures, like prolonged exposure to certain chemicals or toxins Weakened immune system due to HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive medications Family history of Hodgkin or other lymphomas

Key Symptoms: Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin that are usually painless Persistent fever without an obvious cause Night sweats that drench sleepwear and bedding Unexplained weight loss Fatigue and weakness Itching all over the body Persistent cough, difficulty breathing, or chest pain if mediastinal lymph nodes are involved Abdominal discomfort or swelling if nodes in the abdomen are affected

Diagnosis Path: Medical history review and physical examination focusing on swollen lymph nodes Blood tests to assess overall health and identify abnormalities Imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) scans, positron emission tomography (PET) scans, or X-rays to locate enlarged lymph nodes and involved areas Lymph node biopsy, often performed via needle or surgical removal, to examine tissue for Reed-Sternberg cells typical of Hodgkin lymphoma Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, to determine the extent of disease spread

Treatment Protocols: Chemotherapy using combinations of drugs to target cancer cells throughout the body Radiation therapy, especially if certain lymph node groups are localized or as part of combined treatment Targeted therapy and immunotherapy in specific cases where standard treatments are ineffective Stem cell transplant in advanced or refractory cases to restore healthy blood cell production after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation Supportive care to manage symptoms, prevent infections, and improve quality of life