K58.8

Clinical Causes: Stress and psychological factors such as anxiety or depression Dietary habits, including high-fat or spicy foods and irregular eating patterns Gastrointestinal infections or recent illnesses affecting the gut Changes in gut bacteria or microbiome imbalance Hormonal changes, especially in women during menstrual cycles Sensitivity of the intestines to normal stimuli Certain medications, such as antibiotics or laxatives

Key Symptoms: Abdominal pain or cramping, often relieved after bowel movements Altered bowel habits including diarrhea, constipation, or alternating patterns Bloating and a feeling of fullness in the abdomen Gas and flatulence Urgency to have a bowel movement A sensation of incomplete evacuation after defecation Mucus in the stool

Diagnosis Path: Physical examinations and medical history evaluation Laboratory tests such as blood tests, stool tests, or celiac disease screening Imaging studies like X-rays or ultrasounds if necessary Endoscopic procedures to rule out other gastrointestinal diseases Application of criteria such as the Rome IV to identify IBS patterns

Treatment Protocols: Dietary modifications, including a low FODMAP diet or increasing fiber intake Stress management techniques such as relaxation exercises, yoga, or meditation Medications tailored to specific symptoms, such as antispasmodics for cramps or laxatives for constipation Probiotics to help restore healthy gut bacteria Psychological therapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for stress reduction Regular exercise to improve overall gastrointestinal health