B52.0

Clinical Causes: Transmission through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito carrying Plasmodium malariae. Rare cases of blood transfusion or congenital transfer, though less common. Environmental factors favoring mosquito breeding, such as stagnant water and warm climates.

Key Symptoms: Fever and chills occurring in regular intervals, often every three days. Persistent fatigue and weakness. Muscle aches and sweating. Pale skin due to anemia. Dark-colored urine indicating kidney involvement. Swelling in the legs, ankles, or around the eyes. Signs of kidney dysfunction such as reduced urine output or increased blood pressure.

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical evaluation, blood tests, and urine analysis. Blood smear microscopy is the standard method to identify the Plasmodium parasite. Additional tests such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) may help confirm the species. Urinalysis and blood tests assess kidney function, highlighting any impairment caused by nephropathy. Imaging studies could be used to evaluate kidney health further if necessary.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment focuses on eradicating the malaria infection and managing kidney complications. Antimalarial medications, such as chloroquine or quinine, are prescribed based on local drug resistance patterns. Supportive therapies may include hydration, pain relief, and treatment for anemia. Managing nephropathy involves controlling blood pressure, reducing proteinuria, and, in severe cases, dialysis may be required. Close medical follow-up is essential to monitor both infection resolution and kidney function recovery.