T45.514

Clinical Causes: Accidental overdose of anticoagulant medications Misuse or improper self-administration of anticoagulants Incorrect dosage prescribed or given by healthcare providers Intentional overdose in suicide attempts Interaction of anticoagulants with other medications or substances that increase bleeding risk Contaminated or substandard medication products Lack of proper monitoring during anticoagulant therapy

Key Symptoms: Unusual bleeding, such as bleeding gums or nosebleeds Hemorrhages detectable through skin, such as bruising or petechiae Blood in urine or stool Prolonged bleeding from cuts Bleeding within joints or muscles causing pain and swelling Signs of internal bleeding, including dizziness, weakness, or fainting In severe cases, shock or unconsciousness due to significant blood loss

Diagnosis Path: Prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR) tests to evaluate blood clotting function Complete blood count (CBC) to assess blood loss and anemia Specific assays to measure anticoagulant drug levels, if available Imaging studies, such as ultrasound or CT scans, may be used if internal bleeding is suspected History and clinical presentation are key in establishing the diagnosis

Treatment Protocols: Discontinuation of anticoagulant medication Administering Vitamin K (phytonadione) to reverse the effects of certain anticoagulants like warfarin Use of specific antagonist agents, such as idarucizumab for dabigatran or andexanet alfa for factor Xa inhibitors, when appropriate Providing blood products, such as fresh frozen plasma or prothrombin complex concentrates, to replace clotting factors and control bleeding Monitoring vital signs and blood parameters continuously Supportive care, including maintaining airway, breathing, and circulation Addressing the cause of exposure and preventing future incidents