T45.523

Clinical Causes: Intentional overdose of antithrombotic medication Accidental ingestion, especially in children or vulnerable populations Misuse or abuse of anticoagulant drugs Use of antithrombotic drugs as a form of assault or attempted harm Lack of patient awareness about proper medication use or storage

Key Symptoms: Excessive bleeding, including nosebleeds and bleeding gums Unusual bruising or easy skin bruising Blood in urine or stools Weakness or dizziness Low blood pressure Signs of internal bleeding like abdominal pain or swelling Prolonged bleeding from cuts or injuries In severe cases, symptoms of shock such as pale skin, rapid heartbeat, and confusion

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis typically involves a review of the patient's medical history, medication usage, and the circumstances of the poisoning. Blood tests are essential to measure coagulation parameters like INR (International Normalized Ratio) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) to assess bleeding risk. Additionally, laboratory tests can identify the presence and concentration of the antithrombotic agent in the bloodstream. Medical professionals may also perform physical examinations and imaging studies if internal bleeding or other complications are suspected.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment focuses on managing bleeding and reversing the effects of the antithrombotic drug overdose. Approaches include: - Discontinuing the offending medication immediately. - Administering specific reversal agents depending on the type of antithrombotic involved (e.g., vitamin K for warfarin overdose, idarucizumab for dabigatran). - Providing supportive care such as intravenous fluids, blood transfusions, or plasma exchange if significant bleeding has occurred. - Monitoring vital signs and coagulation parameters closely. - In cases of severe internal bleeding, surgical intervention may be necessary. - Prevention of future incidents through patient education and careful medication management.