O45.029

Clinical Causes: High blood pressure during pregnancy (preeclampsia or gestational hypertension) History of placental problems in previous pregnancies Trauma or injury to the abdomen Sudden uterine stretching due to rapid fetal growth or multiple pregnancies Substance abuse, particularly cocaine use Smoking during pregnancy Advanced maternal age Certain clotting disorders that increase risk of abnormal blood clotting

Key Symptoms: Vaginal bleeding that may be light or heavy Abdominal pain or tenderness Back pain Uterine contractions or frequent contractions Signs of fetal distress, such as decreased fetal movement Drop in fetal heart rate observed during monitoring Symptoms of shock in severe cases, including dizziness, weakness, or fainting

Diagnosis Path: Healthcare providers diagnose placental abruption primarily through clinical evaluation, including detailed pregnancy history and physical examination. Ultrasound imaging may identify visible separation of the placenta, although it cannot detect all cases. Monitoring fetal heart activity helps assess fetal well-being. Blood tests are crucial to evaluate blood clotting status and detect the presence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a condition affecting blood clotting factors and platelets that can complicate placental abruption.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition, gestational age, and fetal health. In cases where the pregnancy is near term or the mother or baby are in danger, immediate delivery may be necessary, often through cesarean section. For less severe cases, close monitoring, bed rest, and management of blood pressure may be recommended. If DIC is present, blood products such as plasma, platelets, or clotting factors may be administered to control bleeding and restore normal clotting function. Post-delivery care focuses on maternal stabilization and monitoring for any ongoing bleeding or clotting issues.