I08.2

Clinical Causes: Previous episode of rheumatic fever triggered by group A streptococcal infection Genetic susceptibility that influences immune response to infections Repeated episodes of streptococcal infections if untreated or inadequately treated Autoimmune response causing inflammation of the heart valves Environmental factors such as living conditions that increase risk of streptococcal infections

Key Symptoms: Shortness of breath, especially during exertion or when lying down Fatigue and weakness Palpitations or irregular heartbeats Heart murmurs detected during physical examination Swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen (edema) Chest pain or discomfort Fainting or dizziness in severe cases Persistent cough or wheezing in some cases

Diagnosis Path: Detailed medical history focusing on previous rheumatic fever episodes or streptococcal infections Physical examination to detect heart murmurs indicative of valve dysfunction Echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart) to visualize valve abnormalities, assess blood flow, and confirm the presence of stenosis or regurgitation Blood tests to identify markers of inflammation, streptococcal antibodies, and other indicators of ongoing or past infection Electrocardiogram (ECG) to monitor heart rhythm and detect any abnormalities associated with valve disease

Treatment Protocols: Anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin or corticosteroids to manage inflammation during acute episodes Long-term antibiotics to prevent recurrent streptococcal infections Heart failure management with diuretics, ACE inhibitors, or other medications as needed Valve repair or replacement surgery in advanced cases where severe valve dysfunction impairs heart function Regular monitoring with echocardiography to assess progression and response to treatment Lifestyle modifications to reduce cardiovascular risks, such as maintaining a healthy diet, engaging in appropriate physical activity, and avoiding smoking