I05.0

Clinical Causes: Previous rheumatic fever, caused by an abnormal immune response to streptococcal infection Chronic inflammation leading to scarring and thickening of the mitral valve leaflets Repeated episodes of rheumatic fever increasing the severity of valve damage Genetic predisposition factors that may influence the severity of the disease

Key Symptoms: Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity or when lying flat Fatigue or weakness due to decreased blood flow Palpitations or irregular heartbeat Swelling in the legs and ankles Cough, which may be dry or produce sputum Chest discomfort or pain Feeling of heaviness or pressure in the chest Dizziness or fainting spells, particularly during exertion

Diagnosis Path: A detailed medical history focusing on past episodes of rheumatic fever or sore throat Physical examination to detect heart murmurs characteristic of mitral stenosis Echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart) to visualize the mitral valve and assess the degree of narrowing Electrocardiogram (ECG) to identify abnormal heart rhythms Chest X-ray to check for enlarged heart or pulmonary congestion Cardiac catheterization in certain cases to measure pressures within the heart

Treatment Protocols: Medications such as diuretics to reduce fluid buildup, beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers to control heart rate, and anticoagulants to prevent blood clots Regular monitoring of heart function and symptoms Procedures to improve valve function, including balloon valvotomy (percutaneous) or surgical valve repair or replacement Addressing underlying rheumatic fever with antibiotics to prevent further valve damage Lifestyle modifications, such as low-sodium diet and avoiding strenuous activity during symptom flare-ups