I21.11

Clinical Causes: Atherosclerosis — buildup of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries Coronary artery thrombosis — formation of a blood clot blocking the artery Vasospasm — sudden constriction of the coronary artery Embolism — blockage by a clot or other debris traveling to the coronary arteries Coronary artery dissection — tear in the artery wall leading to blockage

Key Symptoms: Chest pain or discomfort — often described as pressure, squeezing, or fullness Pain radiating to the arm, neck, jaw, or back Shortness of breath Nausea or vomiting Sweating (sweaty skin) Lightheadedness or dizziness Fatigue or weakness

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical assessment, electrocardiogram (ECG) findings, and cardiac enzyme tests. The ECG typically shows ST-segment elevation in specific leads corresponding to the infarcted area, indicating a full-thickness heart muscle injury. Blood tests, such as troponins, help confirm heart muscle damage. Imaging studies, like echocardiography, may be used to assess heart function and the extent of damage.

Treatment Protocols: Prompt treatment is critical for managing a STEMI involving the right coronary artery. Common interventions include: - **Reperfusion therapy**: This aims to restore blood flow quickly and can involve: - **Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)**: A minimally invasive procedure to open the blocked artery with a balloon and stent - **Thrombolytic therapy**: Medication to dissolve the blood clot, if PCI isn't immediately available - **Medications**: Typically include antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, pain relievers, and medications that reduce heart workload - **Supportive care**: Oxygen therapy, pain management, and monitoring for arrhythmias or heart failure Long-term management may involve lifestyle modifications, medications like beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and statins, and cardiac rehabilitation to improve heart health and prevent future incidents.