J38.6

Clinical Causes: chronic inflammation due to infections or irritants trauma or injury to the larynx, such as from intubation or surgical procedures benign or malignant tumors growing within or near the larynx laryngeal congenital anomalies present at birth scarring or fibrosis resulting from previous surgeries or injuries autoimmune diseases affecting the laryngeal tissues long-term use of inhaled medications or exposure to environmental irritants

Key Symptoms: difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, especially during exertion hoarseness or changes in voice quality a sensation of tightness or constriction in the throat stridor, a high-pitched sound when breathing in coughing or wheezing frequent throat clearing or voice fatigue cyanosis in severe cases, indicating low oxygen levels

Diagnosis Path: Healthcare providers diagnose laryngeal stenosis through a combination of medical history review and physical examination. Laryngoscopy, which involves inserting a scope into the throat to visually inspect the larynx, is a primary diagnostic tool. Imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide detailed views of the airway to assess the extent of narrowing. Additional tests may include voice assessments and airflow measurements to evaluate the functional impact of the stenosis.

Treatment Protocols: Managing laryngeal stenosis aims to relieve airway obstruction and restore normal breathing. Treatment options depend on the severity and underlying cause of the narrowing, and may include: - **Medical management**: anti-inflammatory medications or antibiotics to treat infections or inflammation. - **Surgical interventions**: procedures such as endoscopic dilation to open the narrowed passage, or more extensive surgeries to remove scar tissue or tumors. - **Laser therapy**: targeted laser procedures to vaporize abnormal tissue and widen the airway. - **Tracheostomy**: in cases of severe airway obstruction, creating a surgical opening in the neck to bypass the blocked larynx. Long-term follow-up is often necessary to monitor for recurrence or progression of the condition, and voice therapy may also be recommended if communication is affected.