O98.11

Clinical Causes: The primary cause of syphilis complicating pregnancy is a maternal infection with the bacterium *Treponema pallidum*. Transmission occurs through sexual contact, which can introduce the bacteria into the bloodstream. Infected pregnant women can transmit the bacteria to their fetus during pregnancy or childbirth. Factors increasing the risk include multiple sexual partners, unprotected sex, and a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Key Symptoms: Many women with syphilis during pregnancy may not show noticeable symptoms, making screening important. If symptoms are present, they may include sores or chancres at the site of infection, usually on the genitals, mouth, or anus. Other signs may involve rashes on the palms of hands or soles of feet, which are non-itchy. Flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes can also occur. In some cases, symptoms resolve on their own, which can make detection more challenging without testing.

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to detect syphilis infection, such as rapid plasma reagin (RPR) or the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test. A healthcare provider may also perform a physical examination to look for characteristic signs like rashes or sores. During pregnancy, screening is usually part of routine prenatal care to ensure early detection. Confirmatory tests may include microscopy of lesion samples or specific antibody tests. Regular prenatal visits and screening are vital for protecting maternal and fetal health.

Treatment Protocols: The primary treatment for syphilis during pregnancy is antibiotic therapy, most commonly penicillin injections. The specific treatment plan depends on the stage of the infection and the stage of pregnancy. Early treatment can effectively eliminate the bacteria and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to the fetus. Monitoring treatment response through follow-up blood tests is essential. In cases of penicillin allergy, desensitization or alternative treatments may be considered under medical supervision. Timely intervention can prevent serious complications such as miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital syphilis.