A15.5

Clinical Causes: Infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis Close contact with a person who has active tuberculosis Weak immune system increases susceptibility Spread from other parts of a tuberculosis infection in the body Use of contaminated respiratory equipment or exposure in healthcare settings

Key Symptoms: Persistent cough that may produce sputum or blood Hoarseness or voice changes (particularly if larynx is involved) Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath Chest pain or discomfort Fever and night sweats Unintentional weight loss Swelling or lumps in the neck (if lymph nodes are affected)

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis usually involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, imaging tests like chest X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests such as sputum analysis and microbiological cultures to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sometimes, tissue biopsies are performed if necessary.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment for tuberculosis of the larynx, trachea, and bronchus involves a long-term course of antibiotics, typically over several months. The specific medication regimen is determined by a healthcare provider and may include drugs like isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Monitoring for drug side effects and ensuring adherence to therapy are crucial for successful treatment. In some cases, surgical intervention may be needed to remove damaged tissue or manage complications.