K22.1

Clinical Causes: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), leading to acid erosion of the esophageal lining Barrett's esophagus, which can sometimes cause ulceration Infections such as fungal (e.g., candida) or viral infections Chemical injury from ingestion of acids, alkalis, or other corrosive substances Medication-induced damage, especially from drugs like NSAIDs, bisphosphonates, or certain antibiotics Peptic ulcer disease that extends into the esophagus Erosive esophagitis caused by inflammation and ulceration of the lining

Key Symptoms: Persistent or severe chest pain, especially behind the breastbone Difficulty swallowing or a sensation that food is getting stuck Feeling of discomfort or burning in the chest (heartburn) Pain when swallowing (odynophagia) Nausea or vomiting, sometimes with blood Unintentional weight loss In some cases, anemia due to chronic blood loss

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and procedures such as esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). During this procedure, a flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth to visualize the esophagus and identify ulcerations. Biopsies may be taken to determine the cause and rule out malignancies. Additional tests, including pH monitoring, manometry, or imaging studies, can provide further insights into underlying conditions.

Treatment Protocols: Medications to reduce stomach acid, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 receptor antagonists, to promote healing Addressing infections with antifungal or antiviral therapies as appropriate Discontinuation or adjustment of medications that may cause irritation Lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, weight management, and avoiding known irritants like alcohol and smoking Treating underlying conditions such as GERD or Barrett's esophagus In cases of chemical injury, supportive care and close monitoring are essential