M17.31

Clinical Causes: Previous knee injury or trauma, such as fractures, ligament tears, or dislocations Repetitive stress or overuse of the knee joint Joint instability resulting from ligament damage Previous surgeries on the knee Age-related degeneration that worsens post-injury Obesity, which increases stress on the knee joint

Key Symptoms: Persistent knee pain that worsens with activity or prolonged use Swelling around the knee joint Stiffness, especially after periods of rest or in the morning Reduced range of motion or difficulty fully straightening or bending the knee Tenderness when pressing on the joint A sensation of grinding or clicking during movement Weakness or instability in the knee Visible swelling or deformity in severe cases

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, and imaging tests. Healthcare providers will inquire about past knee injuries and current symptoms. During physical examination, they assess joint stability, range of motion, swelling, and tenderness. Imaging studies such as X-rays help visualize cartilage loss, joint space narrowing, and bone changes typical of osteoarthritis. In some cases, MRI scans may be ordered to evaluate soft tissues and cartilage in more detail. Other diagnostic tools may include joint fluid analysis to rule out infections or other underlying conditions.

Treatment Protocols: Lifestyle modifications, including weight management to reduce joint stress Physical therapy to strengthen muscles around the knee and improve stability Pain relief medications such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Use of assistive devices like knee braces or orthotic supports Injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid to reduce inflammation and improve lubrication Activity modifications to minimize joint stress and avoid aggravating activities Surgical interventions, including arthroscopic debridement, realignment procedures, or knee replacement in severe cases