S86.001

Clinical Causes: Sudden increase in physical activity or intense exertion Sports-related activities, especially those involving jumping or quick accelerations Hard or improper training techniques Overuse from repetitive stress over time Previous injuries weakening the tendon Tight calf muscles or poor flexibility Age-related degeneration of the tendon Improper footwear or running surfaces

Key Symptoms: Pain along the back of the ankle and lower calf, especially near the heel Tenderness and swelling in the affected area Stiffness in the morning or after periods of inactivity Difficulty pointing toes or pushing off the ground while walking A feeling of weakness or instability in the affected leg Possible audible pop or tear sensation at the time of injury Limited range of motion and difficulty standing on tiptoe

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis usually involves a physical examination where a healthcare provider assesses the injury's severity by examining swelling, tenderness, and movement. They may perform specific tests, such as the Thompson test, which involves squeezing the calf muscle to observe if the foot moves—indicating the integrity of the Achilles tendon. Imaging studies, like ultrasound or MRI, may be used to confirm the extent of the injury, differentiate between strains and more severe tears or ruptures, and plan treatment accordingly.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment options depend on the severity of the injury. Mild strain injuries often respond well to conservative care, including: - Rest and activity modification to prevent further damage - Ice application to reduce swelling and pain - Compression with bandages or wraps - Elevation of the leg to decrease swelling - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) as recommended - Physical therapy focusing on stretching and strengthening exercises More severe injuries, such as partial or complete ruptures, might require surgical intervention, especially if the tendon cannot heal correctly with conservative measures. Post-treatment rehabilitation typically involves gradual reintroduction of activity, physical therapy, and specific exercises to restore strength, flexibility, and function.