N13.70

Clinical Causes: Congenital abnormalities of the ureterovesical junction Dysfunction of the valves that normally prevent urine from flowing backward Urinary tract infections that cause inflammation and scarring Increased pressure within the bladder (such as in bladder dysfunction) Genetic factors contributing to the development of VUR Obstructive uropathies that alter normal urine flow

Key Symptoms: Recurrent urinary tract infections Pain or burning sensation during urination Fever, especially with infections Pain in the sides or back (flank pain) Hematuria (blood in the urine) Weak urine stream or difficulty urinating Cloudy or foul-smelling urine

Diagnosis Path: Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG): an imaging test that uses X-rays and a contrast dye to visualize urine flow during urination Renal ultrasound: to assess kidney structure and look for signs of damage or scarring DMSA scan: a specialized nuclear medicine test to evaluate kidney function and scarring Urinalysis: to detect infection, blood, or abnormal substances in urine

Treatment Protocols: Antibiotic prophylaxis: low-dose antibiotics to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections Surgical intervention: procedures such as ureteral reimplantation to correct the valve mechanism and prevent urine backflow Endoscopic therapy: injection of a bulking agent near the ureteral opening to reduce reflux Monitoring: regular follow-up imaging to assess kidney health and the status of VUR Addressing underlying bladder dysfunction through behavioral therapy or medications