M75.02

Clinical Causes: The exact cause of adhesive capsulitis is often unknown, but it can be associated with: Previous shoulder injuries or surgeries Prolonged immobilization of the shoulder after an injury or surgery Certain medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, or thyroid disorders Inflammatory diseases that affect connective tissues Age-related degenerative processes in the shoulder joint

Key Symptoms: Gradual onset of shoulder pain, especially at night or with movement Progressive stiffness resulting in reduced shoulder mobility Difficulty performing routine activities such as reaching overhead or behind the back Soreness and tenderness in the shoulder area A feeling of tightness or achiness that persists over weeks or months

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis is primarily clinical, based on medical history and physical examination. A healthcare provider will assess shoulder movements to identify limitations in range of motion, both actively (by the patient) and passively (by the examiner). Imaging studies like X-rays may be used to rule out other shoulder conditions, but they do not confirm frozen shoulder. Occasionally, MRI or ultrasound may be employed to evaluate soft tissue inflammation or other possible causes of shoulder pain and stiffness.

Treatment Protocols: While there is no definitive cure for adhesive capsulitis, various treatments aim to reduce pain and restore shoulder mobility. Management strategies include: - **Physical therapy:** Focused exercises to stretch and strengthen shoulder muscles, helping to regain movement - **Pain management:** Use of anti-inflammatory medications, such as NSAIDs, to alleviate discomfort - **Corticosteroid injections:** Targeted injections to decrease inflammation within the joint - **Therapeutic modalities:** Techniques like heat or ice therapy to reduce pain and swelling - **Manual therapy:** Techniques performed by a qualified physical therapist to improve shoulder function In some cases, if conservative treatments do not provide relief, surgical options such as shoulder arthroscopy may be considered to release adhesions or remove scar tissue. Recovery often involves a structured physical therapy program to maximize motion restoration.